Introduction: Verification Defines Trust in Pulse Oximetry Pulse oximeters are among the most widely used physiological monitoring devices—found in hospitals worldwide. Yet, behind every reliable SpO₂ reading lies a complex scientific process: verification against reference standards . Pulse oximeter verification studies (or pivotal studies) confirm how closely a device’s functional oxygen saturation (SpO₂) values align with the true arterial oxygen saturation (SaO₂), measure