Dyshemoglobins and Pulse Oximetry: How COHb and MetHb Influence Measurement Accuracy   Pulse oximetry has become central to physiological monitoring across wearables, medical devices, and clinical research studies. Yet even the most advanced sensor architectures face fundamental challenges when hemoglobin exists in altered forms—known as dyshemoglobins . Carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) and methemoglobin (MetHb) change light absorption in ways that directly influence SpO₂ readings an

Engineering leaders developing physiological monitoring devices often encounter references to “arterial line measurements” in validation standards and technical literature. Although arterial lines are invasive and placed in clinical environments, the data they generate is central to how the industry defines accuracy for non-invasive technologies.  This article explains what an arterial line is, why its measurements are considered a benchmark, and how arterial line data is use

Engineering Reliability: What CTOs Need to Know About Regulatory-Grade Physiological Monitoring Validation   CTOs in medical-device startups face an engineering challenge that extends far beyond hardware and firmware. The success of a physiological monitoring product—whether a pulse oximeter, blood pressure monitor, or wearable sensing platform—depends on rigorous clinical research studies capable of supporting FDA and CE mark submissions. The gap between early engineering va

Introduction: Why Respiratory Rate Matters in Physiological Monitoring   Respiratory rate (RR) is a vital indicator of physiological stability—often the first parameter to shift in response to metabolic stress, infection, or hypoxia. Yet, continuous and unobtrusive respiratory monitoring remains challenging outside of controlled environments.  With the rise of wearable and optical sensing technologies, electrocardiography (ECG) and photoplethysmography (PPG) have emerged as